Aus Lit Essays

Aus Lit Essays Aus Lit Essay Aus Lit Essay The Great World souses on the heart of war as a human experience which allows Mulatto go beyond these traditional notions of brutality and futility that characterize many texts about war (Rhodes, 2014, p. 3). The major military failure at Singapore highlights the nations feelings of isolation, abandonment, insecurity and describes the age of terror in which Australia found itself. Mallow notes, in a 2009 interview, that growing up in Australia during the sis, sis and sis was difficult due to the fact that war had become a way of life (Mooney, p. 84). Mallow notes that the manhood of young men was ultimately questioned on a daily basis: You will be going to war one day. How will you deal with that? What sort of man, basically, are you? (Mooney, 2009, p. 84). With this premise in mind, Mallow created the POP situation in which the central characters Vic and Diggers state of mind and sense of self and difference in identity is explored. Prior to Vic and Diggers capture by the Japanese in Changing, both men live very different lives. Vic has been brought up in a hostile and violent environment which has left him to become defensive of the world around him. This ultimately left Vic feeling as if the roll owes him for the happy, loving environment which he missed through his impoverished, unjust and unfair childhood (Rhodes, 2014). In juxtaposition to Vic, Digger is open to and accepting of the world, with a desire to get to the bottom of things (Griffith University, 2014, p. 56). It is this difference in character, fundamental makeup and varied responses to life, during and after their POP experience, that demonstrate Mallows aim of interrogating human nature in order to foster understanding (Rhodes, 2014, p 1). Mallow commences his representation of the POP experience with Digger in Changing. It becomes clear that we are thrust into an existence removed from fighting. Digger is finding it difficult to deal with the despondency of his experience its worse than anything (Mallow, 1990, p. 1 1 1 The description reveals that the Saps caught out by the sudden inundation of prisoners, do not have the knowledge or resources to effectively run the camp. As the days went by slowly, Digger and his fellow soldiers begin to form a normal routine. Digger clings to Mac and Doug more than ever but is finding it difficult to get on with Vic who he couldnt stand (Mallow, 1990, p. 13). As these two very different representations of masculinity continue their POP journey, their relationship shifts as they experience the realistic and less than glamorous loss of their mutual friend Mac and Diggers near death experience in Thailand. It is clear that growth in the relationship between Digger and Vic takes place and they are connected spiritually over their mutual experiences (Rhodes, 2014). It is noted by Taylor (1994), that Mallow persists in communicating this closeness as mysterious. Perhaps, Mallow is commenting that even though Vic and Digger have been wrought the same experience and ultimately survived, What is essential in their character and identity remains ultimately unchanged (Rhodes, 2014, p. 5). Mallows representation of Digger and Vic during their POP experience is far removed from the traditional notions of brutality and futility which are so reminiscent of movies and texts about war (Rhodes, 2014). Mallow is also careful not to romanticism or rely on traditional nationalistic cliches of heroism or imitates in his representation of this central event. One example of Mallow steering clear of these established traditions, is during Diggers ear-death experience in Thailand due to a tropical ulcer. A concerned Vic visits Digger in hospital where he is in a state of delusion: he had begun a light-hearted descent towards a place of light, and had decided to go with it (Mallow, 1990, p. 58). Upon seeing Diggers condition, Vic bravely carries Digger to the edge of a river to allow the fish to digest his rotting flesh and decontaminate his putrid wound. Mallow realistically expresses Diggers realization of his condition and continuation of life: it was the news of his own corruption, the smell, still as yet a little way off, of his own death. It has sickened him. Now, slowly he felt the smell recede (Mallow, 1 990, p. 161). Mallows frank and grotesque imagery dehumidifies his character and enables readers to understand that, by looking at the place of war in the human experience, we can go beyond the concept of lifes continuity, after such catastrophes, to accept them as consistent with and part of the fabric of human life (Rhodes, 2014, p. 1). David Mallows representation of Australian Prisoners of War in Singapore and Thailand during World War II is realistic and careful not to evaluate their horrific experience in a romanticists and traditional manner. Mallow wants his readers to understand the place of war as part of the human experience, which during his childhood was simply part of the fabric of human life (Rhodes, 2014, p. 1). The different version of masculinity and character, presented through the characters of Vic and Digger, serve to demonstrate Mallows point that even though the two unlikely friends have been through similar experiences, their identities remain ultimately unchanged (Taylor, 1994, p. 48). Vic continues to seek the life he missed as a child and continues the view that the world still owes him something (Rhodes, 2014). In contrast, Digger continues to live in the moment, always with a better, bigger future (Rhodes, 2014, p. 3). Mallows representation of the POP experience in The Great World does not solely exist to highlight the experiences of POSS. in Singapore and Thailand, but the mysterious complexity of living people, and the way in which they respond to particular experiences in their lives based upon their individual natures (Rhodes, 2014). Reference List: Bickering, Patrick, 1 994, Astonished by Everything: The Functions of Sublime Discourse in David Mallows Fiction, in Amanda Intellect (des), Provisional Maps: Critical Essays on David Mallow, COAL, Midlands, Western Australia, up. 35-50. Griffith University, 2014, LACKS Australian Literature and History B Study Guide, Griffith University, Nathan, SLD. Mallow, D. 1999, The Great World, Random House, Great Britain. Mooney, B. 2009, Interview with David Mallow. Rhodes, C. 2014, Only we humans can know: David Mallow and war. Journal of the Association for the Study of Australian Literature, volt. 39, no. 1, up. 1-10. Taylor, Andrew 1994, The Great World, History, and Two or One Other Things, in Amanda Intellect (des), Provisional Maps: Critical Essays on David Mallow, COAL, Midlands, Western Australia, up. 35-50. Question Two Focus: Ifs Raining in Mango In Its Raining in Mango, Indigenous Australian family history ends in the sass as it began in the sass; with oppression, exclusion, violence and injustice. Discuss tragedy and satire in Styles representation of race relations in tropical Queensland. Thee Styles 1987 novel, Its Raining in Mango, takes a critical approach to Tropical Queensland history and politics from the late 1 sass to the sass (Griffith University. 2014). Readers are confronted with a satirical and tragic presentation of colonial history and Indigenous relations in Queensland. Less Raining in Mango works to emphasis the devastation caused by colonization on Indigenous people and the lasting refusal of colonial regimes to recognize the cause of effects of this devastation (Dale, 1999, p. 21). Throughout the Leafless family history, spanning over one hundred years, readers are confronted with many instances of Indigenous mistreatment and general injustice. The Leafless are respectful of Aboriginals and despise their oppressive and racial treatment. The story commences with Young George ND Biddings relationship and concludes with Wills friendship with Charley and Billy Mumbled. Throughout the novel, we are informed of the slaughter of Aboriginal people, the forcible removal of children from their families and, later, the unfair treatment of Aboriginal people by different members of society. Some of these instances, and their portrayal, will be examined in order to examine Styles bitter satire and overall message that, whilst relations between Indigenous peoples may have improved over the years, damaging racist attitudes still exist in our society. Styles tragic presentation of the treatment of Indigenous people in Tropical Queensland in 1861 begins with the proclamation of the clearance of black land-owners (Style, 2010, p. 19). Style is asking us to envision the traditional owners of the land as individuals with no autonomy, dehumidified because of their difference in appearance and culture (Genii, 2009). This representation turns somewhat satirical when we see Cornelius and George discover a dozen decomposing Indigenous men during their travels. This vision sickens Cornelius and the young George. We see Cornelius liberal attitudes surface after George asks his father whether blacks are worthless: One would think so, Cornelius replies we are trained to believe so. Hope you wont (Style, 201 0, p. 30). This proclamation of Cornelius liberal beliefs, highlights and accentuates the absolute tragedy and disgusting deeds of the miners, whilst satirically positioning the brutally murdered Indigenous men as being of less worth than an animal. Style positions her readers to ponder upon how different the settlement of Australia would have been if it were filled with the Cornelius Leafless of the world. The tragic representation of Indigenous people is continued with the next generation of Leafless and their Indigenous counterparts around the year 191 5 in the form Of Jackie and Newly Mumbled and George and Magma, with the forcible removal of Knells baby, Charley. This scene is tragic, particularly when Jackie pronounces: we make kids for whites now. Cant they make their own kids, eh? Take everything. Land. Kids. Dont give nothing, only take (Style, 2010, p. 84). This tragedy demonstrates the evolution of Indigenous oppression and injustice through the form of a new generation. Pond the forcible removal of the young Charley by police, it is heartwarming to see the protection of the child by George and Magma. This again is a continuation of what could have been if more individuals were as accepting and respectful of the Indigenous culture. During this scene Style employs facets of satire, particularly during the policemans pushy and forceful interrogation of George and Magma. When asked as to whether he and his wife are aware Newly has any children, he responds ironically and sarcastically: Youre wasting your time here, let me tell you. Youre wasting mine as well. But thats what governments for isnt it? (Style, 2010, p. 87). Similarly to George, Magma also pipes in with language reminiscent of sarcasm and mockery: l told you that. Perhaps the cat has your ears as well. If you shout and nag and humiliate her, youll never get an answer. Cant you understand something as basic as that? (Style, 201 0, p. 88). Again, Styles employment of blatant satirical statements exaggerate the tragedy and unfair treatment of Aboriginal people (Dale 1999). Furthermore, the use of satire forces the reader to question the reason why Style had such an interest in his alienated and outcast group of people and the sardonic eye she casts on the racist attitudes of the residents of Tropical Queensland (Sheridan, 2003). Styles use of satire when examining the tragic and shameful parts of our history, demonstrate her lack of interest in nationalist themes and highlight her focus on modernism (Sheridan, 2003, p. 61). This exaggerated agenda presented in Its Raining in Mango, also ignites and invites the reader to ponder the extent to which the brutal injustices described are after all literary exaggerations (Griffith University, 2014, p. 43). The emergence of the next generation of Leafless appears in the form of Will, Georges son and his friend Billy and father Charley, direct descendents of Biding. Again, Style presents to her readers the various forms of oppression, violence and injustice against Indigenous people in the sass. The event where Billy is jailed for six weeks with hard labor for tax evasion is a tragedy and disgrace. This event is a tragedy because Billy had never been educated about what a tax form actually was: but the tax people were charging him provisional tax and he didnt understand (Style, 2010, p. 89). If someone had educated Billy, then the situation could have been avoided. Billy is forced to travel the long journey back to Mango from the jail and experiences a myriad of injustices. The most prolific injustice is his treatment by a barman who cheats him out of his change: l said what about me change? l put it there mate, right in front of you (Style, 2010, p. 193). Upon close examination and the tragedy of Billys oppression, there are underlying features of satirical musings. Through Billy s experiences, see begin to see a sense of fight in Billy in the face of adversity. He tries to explain his situation to the arresting cop and fights for his right to his change in the bar, to no avail. This is contrasted to his realization as he walks in the pouring rain on his way back to Mango that he has not actually fought to keep his language: the nobility of the forward line his great- grandfather Biding had advised in the tribal language he had almost forgotten now except as sounds that picked at his dreams (Style, 2010, p. 194). This tragic realization culminates into more oppression where no matter what he did there was only a paralyzing sense of effort in an imprecise landscape (Style, 201 0, p. 94). The saturation of Sergeant Perrys lack of reaction to the brutal fight: full of the realization of his own irony and unfairness (Style, 201 0, p. 203) demonstrates that the haphazard and violent means by which Europeans penetrated the Australian wilderness is a cycle which cannot be easily broken (Genii, 2009, p. 20). Thee Styles Its Raining in Mango, serves as a tool to challenge the simple-minded celebratory narratives of the colonization of Australia (Dale, 1999). According to Style, he racist attitudes of Australian people in Tropical Queensland may have seemingly improved over the years, but racist attitudes and mistreatment continue to exist. The selfless, respectful attitudes of the Leafless is refreshing and somewhat saddening in its portrayal, as it forces the reader to ponder upon what could have been if racist attitudes had not become so prevalent.

Silver Ornaments - Holiday Chemistry Project

Silver Ornaments - Holiday Chemistry Project Use a chemical reaction to create a genuine silver  holiday ornament. The oxidation-reduction reaction silvers the inside of a glass ball, essentially forming a mirror inside the glass. Silver Ornament Materials distilled water5 ml acetone2.5 ml 0.5 M silver nitrate solution (AgNO3)2.5 ml 1.5 M ammonium nitrate solution (NH4NO3)5 ml 5% dextrose solution (C6H12O6)5 ml 10% sodium hydroxide solution (NaOH)clear glass ornament (2-5/8) Silver the Ornament Gently and carefully remove the metal ornament holder and set it aside. You should be left with a hollow glass ball with a short neck.Use a pipette to pour acetone into the ball. Swirl the acetone around and then pour it into a waste container. Allow the ornament to dry. The acetone step may be omitted, but it helps to clean the inside of the ornament to produce a better silver finish.Use a graduated cylinder to measure 2.5 ml of silver nitrate solution. Pour the silver nitrate solution into a small beaker. Rinse the graduated cylinder with water, discarding the rinse water.Use the graduated cylinder to measure 2.5 ml of ammonium nitrate solution. Add the ammonium nitrate solution to the silver nitrate solution. Swirl the beaker or use a glass stirring rod to mix the chemicals. Rinse the graduated cylinder with water and discard the rinse water.Use the graduated cylinder to measure 5 ml of dextrose solution. Pour the dextrose solution into the dry glass ornament. Rinse the graduated cylinder with water and discard the rinse water. Use the graduated cylinder to measure 5 ml of sodium hydroxide solution. Pour the silver nitrate and ammonium nitrate solution into the glass ball, followed immediately by the sodium hydroxide solution.Cover the opening of the glass ball with a piece of parafilm and swirl the solution, making certain the entire interior surface of the glass ball is covered. You will see a silver mirror coating from inside the ball.When the ball is evenly coated, remove the parafilm and pour the solution into the waste container. Important: Rinse the inside of the glass ornament with distilled water. Failure to rinse the ornament could result in the formation of a shock sensitive compound.Use a pipette to add about 2 ml of acetone to the inside of the ornament. Swirl the acetone around inside the ornament and then discard it in the waste container. Allow the ornament to air dry. Replace the ornament hanger and enjoy your silver holiday ornament!The waste material should be immediately rinsed away with water to prevent the formation of an unstable (potentially explosive) compound,

International Economics Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

International Economics - Term Paper Example s and components which after being produced in ASEAN nations went to labor intensive countries for assembly and then final products reached the markets in Europe, America and Japan. This trade type started in IT products and expanded to other items too. Although ASEAN nations were integrating with the global economy, their intra regional integration was incomplete and was stagnating. In the past two decades the overall trade of ASEAN nations increased by 11% on annual note but intra regional export increased from 19% to 23% in the period 2000-2008.(Hanouz & Geiger,2010). In January 1992, the ASEAN nations signed ASEAN Free Trade Area (AFTA) for deeper economic integration which was to be obtained within fifteen years and it will lead to extensive liberalization in trade. The objective of AFTA was to increase regional trade among ASEAN nations and thus achieving economic independence from the world market (Ahlstrom & Stalros, 2005). As the theory goes, removal of intra regional tariff and non tariff barriers will lead to efficiency and as market size will increase investors will enjoy economies of scale. Here we will discuss about the role of AFTA in describing the pattern of trade in ASEAN nations. As per Balasaa, four different stages of economic integration can be given that are Free Trade Area (FTA), then a Customs Union (CU), a Common Market (CM) and at last a Economic Union (EU). Preferential Trade Arrangements(PTA) encompass lower tariff rates for member nations as compared to non members while a FTA is an regional integration which is formed by imposition of zero tariffs on trade among the member nations of FTA without any change of tariff on imports from non member nations. The traditional economic integration theories explain about the gains from trade and these are static analysis of economic integration. The first theory on economic integration was given by Viner in 1950. His trade creation effect says that as two countries enter into trade, the

Clsoe Analytical Reading Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Clsoe Analytical Reading - Research Paper Example The dwarf’s performance pleases her so much especially, the way that the dwarf dances as back in the forest and unaware that the children and other attendees were laughing at him. The Infanta, in fact, enjoys the performance so much that he asks for another performance following her dinner. The dwarf, apparently, never realizes that the people laugh at his expense, mistaking it for the Infanta’s love for him because of a white rose that she had handed to him. This leads to the dwarf attempting to find the Infanta one day, where he needs to go through gardens and face the ridicule of even the fishes and the sundials, as well as the flowers who claim â€Å"he should be kept indoors for the rest of his natural life† (Wilde 10). The dwarf finally gets to the interior of the palace and, while searching through the rooms, comes across a mirror that shows him as a grotesque monster and even thinks for a while that the monster simply mimics his movements. On realizing th at, he looks upon his own reflection; he suddenly understands that the Infanta does not love him at all, and this causes him to fall down screaming and kicking. While in this state, the Infanta and the other children happen upon him and assume that the dwarf wants to put on another show, which causes them to start applauding him and laughing. Even after the dwarf drops, they still insist, â€Å"Yes†¦you must get up and dance, for you are as clever as the Barbary apes, and much more ridiculous (Wilde 15). While this goes on, the dwarf’s heart stops beating, to which the Infanta makes a demand that he continues the act, which cannot happen as the dwarf’s heart already stopped. The short story by Oscar Wilde stands as one of his most meaningful and fantastic fairytales. The time when the whole incident with the dwarf takes place holds special significance as the twelfth birthday of the Infanta, which sees the entire kingdom and its servants prepare for the Infantaâ €™s special day. The kingdom does not overlook any expense in catering for the Infanta’s needs, which makes for a very joyous occasion. In fact, the King seems the only person who cannot find any joy in the occasion, which explains why the chamberlain claims that, â€Å"he is so ugly†¦he might have made the King smile† (Wilde 15). The story tells us that the king had behaved this way ever since the king had died just six months after she had born him a child. The sight of the Infanta made him especially upset as she reminded him of her. However, the king’s sadness apart, the entire party goes off without a hitch as the party planners produce a dwarf whom some noble men had captured in the woods the previous day. The dwarf treats the audience, including the Infanta, to a spectacular show, which includes a dance performance. The dwarf, however, acts in ignorance of his true appearance, thinking that the audience loves him; although they find him as monstr ous, going on to mock him. The realization of this fact causes his death in the end, as from the passage above. The flowers, which the Infanta gives to him, further confirm his belief, although the flowers cannot stand him, commenting on his â€Å"hunched back and his crooked legs† (Wilde 10). The birds and lizards can see his inner beauty, however, claiming that the dwarf â€Å"is really not so ugly after all, provided, of course; that one shuts one's eyes, and does not look at him† (Wilde 9). When the dwarf gets to the palace, he cannot help but notice the

Lila Abu- Lughod Honor and Poetry in a Bedouin Society Speech or Presentation

Lila Abu- Lughod Honor and Poetry in a Bedouin Society - Speech or Presentation Example According to Abu- Lughod (17), Honor and Poetry in a Bedouin Society is one of the best ethnographies. He argues that the author has the ability to see past the stereotypes and catch-phrases that surround women in veils. In this book, Abu-Lughod has attempted to express the feelings of Islamic women who are viewed as voiceless. She has tried to show features of silence and veiling as expressions of cultural distinctions and identity, and how the western culture has influenced and managed to increase the isolation of veiled women in society. Moreover, Abu-Lughob studied the significance of honor with its association with the hierarchy and autonomy in the society. Thus, this book gives a clear answer to people who view Islamic women as voiceless. In this book, Abu-Lughob analyses that concepts of propriety, honor, and autonomy in the Bedouin society. The first half of the books talks about Awlad ‘Ali i.e. a tribe of Bedouin, finds expressions of attachment, longing and dependence , as well as affection and concern to the unsuitable and un-Bedouin-like (Abu- Lughod 38). Additionally, Abu-Lughob speaks of how sexuality is said to be highly dangerous because of its ability to induce improper emotions and disrupt the right hierarchies and relationships between the old and young, man and woman, and kin and non-kin. The rest of the book is quite emotional since it talks about how the Bedouins use poetry to express themselves and say what they cannot to say. They also use little songs called ghinawas to express longing or loss of something so that a person cannot be accused of breaching social protocol, and destroying the closely held honor code. In this section, Abu-Lughob analyses the significant role of poetry in the society that holds itself and follows strict codes of honor, as well as behavior standards (Abu- Lughod 67). Abu-Lughod did not carry out her field work from a superior position; rather she sympathized with her subjects and worked with them as equal human beings and not as specimens in a research. Her intelligence and attitude, along with her excellent analytical skills enabled her to develop proper understanding and insight of this intriguing culture. Her research involved mainly females from the Muslim community, although she was also able to access the male sphere during her observations of how men and women interacted. She reports that one of the main problems she encountered was when she had to play the role of an adopted daughter so as to participate, and interact with her subjects in research. Her duties included daily chores among other responsibilities as a female kinsperson; hence, she was able to evaluate gender roles in social studies (Abu- Lughod 80). This book has several reviews in which many people claim that it is one of the best ethnographies they have ever come across. The reviewers praised Abu-Lughob ability to see past the stereotypes that surround veiled women and her insights, which many social scientist s and modern anthropologists are yet to discover. Additionally, the reviewers were astounded by Abu-Lughob's ability to give a direct answer to people who view Islamic women as voiceless by attempting to show aspects of veiling and silence as expressions of cultural distinctions and identity. Further studies in this research could include the submissiveness of women and not only in the Muslim

Criminal Law Evidence Example

Criminal Law Evidence Example Please read carefully the scenario below and then complete the work for this assessment. A burglary has occurred around 21:00 hours yesterday at an office complex on an industrial estate. It has open entry round to the rear of the building. A metal top opening window was forced open and the intruder(s) gained entry, once inside, the building alarm system was activated. The offender made a tidy search of the office desks and drawers and it is suspected that 2 laptops and one PDA were stolen. The exit from the property was as entry. An eye witness states they saw a red coloured car leave the industrial estate at high speed, the make and model is unknown. Approximately 4 miles away from the scene on a park that borders the edge of a large housing estate was a stolen abandoned vehicle, its engine still running. The vehicle is a red ford focus reported stolen 1 hour previously from a private drive outside the home of Mr Andrews. The vehicle has been taken to a recovery garage pending a scenes of crime visit. CCTV on the park installed for anti-social behaviour has been viewed by Police Community Support Officers and they believe the individual running from the car is Michael Steven Kelter born 23/02/1987. Michael has previous convictions for burglary and anti-social behaviour related offences. He is also a known drug user. Uniformed Police Officers have arrested Michael Kelter on suspicion of burglary at the industrial estate and also for the taking of a vehicle without the owners consent. He is now detained at a dedicated custody suite pending interview with detectives. Attending police officers have found a screwdriver in shrubs outside the office complex, the screwdriver has been recovered and booked into the property store at the local police station. Officers also arranged for boarding up to secure the premises. It has also been reported that a male in his early 20s 3 days previously stated that he represented the alarm company and needed to have a look at the system. He presented no identification at the receptionist and was subsequently turned aw ay. CCTV footage has since been overwritten as it is on a 24hr loop. It is not known whether this is connected to the burglary. Assessment: Please devise an illustrative presentation of the potential evidence types available at each scene and identify the links between each scene. You will need to cite references to support your answer. Literature Supporting the Potential of Forensic Evidence. NAPIER, T.J., 2002. Scene linking using footwear mark databases. Science and Justice Journal of the Forensic Science Society, 42(1), pp. 39-43. Brief description of reference. BIERMANN, T.W., 2007. Blocks of colour IV: The evidential value of blue and red cotton fibres. Science Justice, 47(2), pp. 68-87. Brief description of reference. LOWRIE, C.N. and JACKSON, G., 1994. Secondary transfer of fibres. Forensic Science International, 64(2-3), pp. 73-82. Brief description of reference. Locard’s Principle According to Locard 1910 ‘Wherever he steps, whatever he touches, whatever he leaves, even unconsciously, will serve as a silent witness against him. Not only his fingerprints or his footprints, but his hair, the fibers from his clothes, the glass he breaks, the tool mark he leaves, the paint he scratches, the blood or semen he deposits or collects. All of these and more, bear mute witness against him. This is evidence that does not forget. It is not confused by the excitement of the moment. It is not absent because human witnesses are. It is factual evidence. Physical evidence cannot be wrong, it cannot perjure itself, it cannot be wholly absent. Only human failure to find it, study and understand it, can diminish its value.’ (Joe Nickell and John E. Fischer, Crime Science: Methods of Forensic Detection. Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 1999. 10). Fingerprints often feature significantly at the scene of the burglary, within the stolen vehicle and on any property recovered from the burglary including the screwdriver that was discovered at the point where the stolen vehicle was recovered from. (FSS 2000, Supporting ‘Pathfinder’, Information on FSS and Police Fingerprint Process, Forensic Science Service). One of the leading figures in the development of fingerprint analysis was Sir Francis Galton who developed the tripartite classification scheme which sorts fingerprints into three groups and was used primarily to establish the heredity and character of the individual (Simon A. Cole Suspect Identities: A History of Fingerprinting and Criminal Identification (Harvard University Press, 2001), pp. 60-96.) Garton himself published a book entitled Fingerprints in 1892 in which he studied the frequency in which the patterns appeared in relation to the race of the supplier of the print. Unfortunately his results did not me et his expectations that there would be a significant pattern for a significant race. The use of the fingerprint database for the storing of fingerprints taken from convicted offenders is invaluable in identifying perpetrators of future crimes (Anthonioz, A., A. Aguzzi, A. Girod, N. Egli, and O. Ribaux, Potential Use of Fingerprint in Forensic Intelligence: Crime Scene Linking. Z Zagadnien Nauk Sadowych – Problems of Forensic Sciences, 2003. 51: 166-170.) Footwear marks are often a useful source of identification. It is possible to identify the wearer of the shoe from the footmarks by the way in which the patterning has worn. Although retailers sell many of the same item of footwear the wear marks on the shoes differs between users and therefore it can be very easy to get an exact match from the recovery of the suspects footwear to the recovered print. Some experts have stated that shoemarks and geographical information can assist in linking a suspect to a particular crime (Napier, T.J., 2002. Scene linking using footwear mark databases. Science and Justice Journal of the Forensic Science Society, 42(1), pp. 39-43). According to Jim Fraser who is the director of the centre for forensic science as the University of Strathclyde footwear marks were found at about 40% of crime scenes. He commented that most are not clean boot marks and usually need enhancing with UV light and that such prints can even be recovered from a carpet or a dead body (James Randerson, Footprint database to help fight crime, The Guardian, Tuesday January 30 2007). Items such a glass can be transferred to a suspect either through primary transfer or secondary transfer. Primary transfer usually occurs when the suspect is breaking a window which causes backward fragmentation (J. Locke and J.A. Unikowski, Breaking of flat glass—part 1: Size and distribution of particles from plain glass windows. Forensic Sci. Int. 51 (1991), pp. 251–262). Secondary transfer is where the glass transfers form one person to another or form one object to another person (Lowrie, C.N. and Jackson, G., 1994. Secondary transfer of fibres. Forensic Science International, 64(2-3), pp. 73-82. ) Research has shown that approximately 10% of glass fragments can be transferred from the person who broke the glass to another person (G.A. Holcroft, B. Shearer, Personnel communication). Others discovered that the transfer of glass between two people in a car only resulted in one such transfer in the 15 experiments that were conducted (.J. Allen, K. Hoefler and S.J. Rose, The transfer of glass—part 3: The transfer of glass from a contaminated person to another uncontaminated person during a ride in a car. Forensic Sci. Int. 93 (1998), pp. 195–200.) Certain types of clothing are more likely to allow such a transfer than others. clothes made from 100% nylon such as shell suits have a low retention level whereas jumper made of acrylic would have a medium retention level (T.J. Allen, K. Hoefler and S.J. Rose, The transfer of glass—part 2: A study of the transfer of glass to a person during various activities. Forensic Sci. Int. 93 (1998), pp. 175–193). Raman developed the notion of spectroscopy which focussed on the transfer of fibres that had been chemically dyed. The most common colours used in the manufacture of clothing are black, blue and red and therefore it can be difficult for the forensic scientist to differentiate the evidential sample from the suspect source (R. Palmer and S. Oliver, Sci. Justice, 2004, 44(2), 83–88.) In recent times the use of CCTV footage has been increased significantly with local authorities making use of the technology in the city centres to monitor the behaviour of people. This has proven particularly useful with regard to the monitoring of the behaviour of people when they have been drinking. CCTV footage can be of limited usage in that the images are not always sufficiently clear. There has also been much criticism of the fact that cameras are often pointing the wrong way or do not cover the locality of the offence. Images from CCTV can be enhanced to aid identification and often a suspect will enter a guilty plea having been shown the footage, especially if they are clearly identified by the cameras. As can be seen from the above there are many items that can be gleaned from the actual scene of the offence as well as from other areas that the suspect might have been present at. The notion of secondary transfer could weaken a case against a suspect, however the prevalence of secondary transfer is very low and therefore offers little in the way of protection for the suspect.

Semiotics in Cyberspace :: Communication Internet

Semiotics in Cyberspace We are seeing one of the most historically significant changes in the way we share information. Electronic communication devices have been with us since the beginning of the 20th century. Radio provided ways to share sounds with distant people simultaneously. The telephone added the ability to inter-communicate with others. Cinematography captured images and created the illusion of motion. Television added the ability to send sounds and moving images to masses of distant people simultaneously. Computers started out being number crunching machines. However, as time passed these machines were interconnected and they started to provide yet another medium to deliver information. First it was only text, then some low resolution graphics and images with limited amount of colors were added. In only a few decades of computer technology development we are already seeing systems that can deliver all possible combinations of electronic media. Presently, computers can deliver text (and other machine codes), sounds, graphics, still images and video (another name for television images). You can have all of those varieties of media stored in magnetic and optical devices for archiving or to be used as alternative delivery systems. Also, it is possible to deliver all kinds of computer data and electronic media through your telephone or "local area network". Radio and television were initially dependent on the use of magnetic radio waves to deliver messages. These two particular media dramatically extended their reach when cable and satellite technologies emerged. Cable and satellite technologies have been in fact responsible for the development of the concept of global information networks. Computers have also played a role in the development of information networks using cable and satellite technologies. The Internet is one of those global information networks. Through this network, computers are currently sending all kinds of electronic media formats to other computers around the world. These computers are interconnected to a network that does not have a beginning or an end. Connections can happen in any direction at any time. Trying to build a map of computer locations and possible interconnections among them will only produce something that looks more like a web. Hence the name of one of the most impressive information sharing environments of our days: The World Wide Web. The World Wide Web (WWW) provides the ability to combine all kinds of electronic media into one interactive presentation that can be delivered anywhere around the world instantaneously. WWW documents are hypermedia documents.